Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) has been found to be effective in preventing a first heart attack in men, but a 2005 paper found that it had a 39;nonsignificant39; effect in women aged between forty-five and sixty-five. Prior to this study, the authors noted, there had been 39;few similar data in women39;. A more recent study from 2011 found that not only was aspirin ineffective for women, it was potentially harmful 39;in the majority of patents39;. Similarly, a 2015 study found that taking a low dose of aspirin every other day 39;is ineffective or harmful in the majority of women in primary prevention39; of cancer or heart disease.